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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Straight pool</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Straight_rail" title="Straight rail">Straight rail</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Straight pool</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">A traditional straight pool rack with the 1 and 5 balls at the bottom corners, and all other balls placed randomly</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="World_Pool-Billiard_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Pool-Billiard Association">World Pool-Billiard Association</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">First played</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1910</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">single competitors or doubles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Indoor, table</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Cue_sports_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cue sports equipment">Cue sports equipment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Indoor, table</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Straight pool</b>, which is also called <b>14.1 continuous</b> and <b>14.1 rack</b>, is a <a href="Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">cue sport</a> in which two competing players attempt to <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#pocket" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § pocket" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pocket</span></a></dfn> as many <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#object_ball" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § object ball" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">object ball</span></a></dfn>s as possible without playing a <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#foul" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § foul" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">foul</span></a></dfn>. The game was the primary version of <a href="Pool_(cue_sports)" title="Pool (cue sports)">pool</a> played in professional competition until it was superseded by faster-playing games like <a href="Nine-ball" title="Nine-ball">nine-ball</a> and <a href="Eight-ball" title="Eight-ball">eight-ball</a> in the 1980s.
</p><p>In straight pool, the player may <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#call_shot" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § call shot" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">call</span></a></dfn> and attempt to pocket any object ball on the table regardless of its number or color until only one object ball and the <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#cue_ball" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § cue ball" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">cue ball</span></a></dfn> remain, at which point the other fourteen balls are re-<a href="Rack_(billiards)" title="Rack (billiards)">racked</a>. At this point, play resumes with the objective of pocketing the remaining ball in a manner that causes the cue ball to <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#carom" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § carom" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">carom</span></a></dfn> into the rack, spreading out the balls and allowing the player to continue the <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#run" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § run" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">run</span></a></dfn>. The goal is to reach a set number of points that is determined by agreement before the game begins; traditionally 100 points is needed for a win, though professional matches may go higher. One point is scored by pocketing an object ball without a foul, while a point is deducted on a foul.
</p><p>The game was most popular in the United States and was notably played in the 1961 film <i><a href="The_Hustler" title="The Hustler">The Hustler</a></i>. The <a href="World_Straight_Pool_Championship" title="World Straight Pool Championship">World Straight Pool Championship</a> was held from 1911<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_183_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R_183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1990, and again from 2006 until 2019. The game is currently represented at a continental level in events such as the <a href="American_14.1_Straight_Pool_Championship" title="American 14.1 Straight Pool Championship">International Straight Pool Open</a> and the <a href="European_Pool_Championships" title="European Pool Championships">European Pool Championships</a>' straight pool event.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>Straight pool is derived from an earlier game called <b>continuous pool</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which points are earned for every ball that is pocketed. In this game, the last <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#object_ball" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § object ball" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">object ball</span></a></dfn> is pocketed (not left on the table as in straight pool), and then <a href="Rack_(billiards)" title="Rack (billiards)">racked</a> with the rest of them when a new game begins (the player who pocketed the final ball plays the break shot in the new game).<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_183_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R_183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As players became skilled in scoring dozens of points in a single turn, they would often use defensive shots on the break to avoid their opponent pocketing the 15 balls on the table.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuous pool was invented in 1889 and played professionally until 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_183_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R_183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1910, Jerome Keogh, who won numerous continuous pool tournaments, wanted to increase the attacking nature from the break-off shot, and make it more plausible to perform multi-rack <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#run" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § run" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">run</span></a></dfn>s. He introduced the modern rule that the object balls are re-racked not when all have been pocketed but after 14 have been sunk and one remains on the table. This new game became known as "14.1 continuous" and "14.1 rack", and in 1912 it became known as straight pool.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_183_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R_183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PoolHistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoolHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first 14.1 professional championship was held in 1912 in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-S&R_183_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&R_183-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game quickly overtook continuous pool in popularity and was the most-played version of pool until <a href="Nine-ball" title="Nine-ball">nine-ball</a> and <a href="Eight-ball" title="Eight-ball">eight-ball</a> became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-PoolHistory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoolHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shamos_195_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamos_195-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gameplay">Gameplay</h2></div>
<p>In straight pool's first <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#frame" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § frame" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">frame</span></a></dfn>, the fifteen object balls are racked with the center of the apex ball placed over the <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#foot_spot" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § foot spot" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">foot spot</span></a></dfn>. Traditionally the <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#1_ball" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § 1 ball" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">1 ball</span></a></dfn> is placed at the rack's right corner and the <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#5_ball" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § 5 ball" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">5 ball</span></a></dfn> is placed at the rack's left corner for visibility, though there is no such rule requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-Shamos_195_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamos_195-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other balls are placed at random and must touch adjacent balls.<sup id="cite_ref-Shamos_195_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamos_195-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Unlike most pool games, the object of straight pool's typical <em>initial</em> break shot (with all 15 object balls racked together) is to leave the opponent without the chance to pot a ball. All shots–including the break shot–in straight pool require <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#nomination" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § nomination" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">nomination</span></a></dfn>, in which both a ball and pocket are <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#call_shot" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § call shot" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">called</span></a></dfn> before the shot is taken. Consequently, in the first break shot the racked balls are usually not struck with force in hopes of pocketing a ball (the odds of pocketing the called one are very low), but just hard enough to drive at least one ball to a <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#cushion" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § cushion" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">cushion</span></a></dfn> to avoid a foul, and ideally off the cushion and gently back into the <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#pack" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § pack" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pack</span></a></dfn> of balls. This is a form <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#safety" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § safety" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">safety</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some shots, such as <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#carom" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § carom" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">carom</span></a></dfn>s and <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#combination" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § combination" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">combination</span></a></dfn>s, do not have to be called. On the break, either the cue ball and two other balls must touch a rail, or a ball must be pocketed. The failure to accomplish either of these conditions results in a foul. Fouling on the initial break incurs a penalty loss of two points. In addition, the opponent has the choice of either accepting the table in position or of having the balls <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#re-rack" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § re-rack" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">re-rack</span></a></dfn>ed and requiring the offending player to repeat the opening break.<sup id="cite_ref-Shamos_195_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamos_195-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WPA_rules_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPA_rules-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All other fouls made during the game incur a one-point deduction, and a player incurs an additional 15-point penalty for committing three consecutive fouls.<sup id="cite_ref-WPA_rules_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPA_rules-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fels_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fels-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p>The unique feature of straight pool is the racking that is played when one object ball remains. These intra-game racks have a specific set of rules; when the rack is supposed to be replaced, if neither the cue ball nor the object ball remain in the rack area, the balls are replaced with no ball at the apex. At this point, the aim is to pot the remaining ball and carom into the pack of balls, allowing a shot on the next ball to continue the run. Additional rules apply when either ball is in the position where the balls would usually be racked.<sup id="cite_ref-WPA_rules_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPA_rules-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fels_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fels-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highest_runs">Highest runs</h2></div>
<p>In straight pool, skilled players can pot all of the balls in a single rack and continue to do so for large runs. On March 19, 1954, <a href="Willie_Mosconi" title="Willie Mosconi">Willie Mosconi</a> set a record-high run of 526 points over 36 racks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mosconi had been playing a <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#race" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § race" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">race</span></a></dfn>-to-200-points match against an amateur player name Earl Bruney in Springfield, Ohio. Bruney scored the first three points in the match, but Mosconi ran the next 200 points to win. However, Mosconi continued the run for over two hours to score 526 before missing a fine <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#cut_shot" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § cut shot" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">cut shot</span></a></dfn>. The run was witnessed by 300 people, including a lawyer who produced an <a href="Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> to confirm it took place, and it was later confirmed by the <a href="Billiard_Congress_of_America" title="Billiard Congress of America">Billiard Congress of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Mosconi's record for the highest documented run stood for over 65 years. It was finally beaten on May 27, 2019, when <a href="John_Schmidt_(pool_player)" title="John Schmidt (pool player)">John Schmidt</a> ran 626 balls in <a href="Monterey%2C_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, which was the result of a sustained, months-long effort to break Mosconi's record.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics have argued that Mosconi's record was made in competition while Schmidt simply set up break shots for himself, and that his video was never released.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar format as Schmidt's run, on January 18, 2022, as part of the "Legends of Pocket Billiards" high run series, where a number of player have attempted to beat the record, <a href="Jayson_Shaw" title="Jayson Shaw">Jayson Shaw</a> completed a record-breaking run of 669 balls.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 6, 2025, this record was broken by <a href="Jayson_Shaw" title="Jayson Shaw">Jayson Shaw</a> again, with a new high-run of 832 balls.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tournaments_and_governance">Tournaments and governance</h2></div>
<p>Straight pool is governed by regional councils such as the <a href="European_Pocket_Billiard_Federation" title="European Pocket Billiard Federation">European Pocket Billiard Federation</a>, and at a worldwide level by the <a href="World_Pool-Billiard_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Pool-Billiard Association">World Pool-Billiard Association</a>. The <a href="World_Straight_Pool_Championship" title="World Straight Pool Championship">World Straight Pool Championship</a> was created in 1912 and ran sporadically until 1990. In 2006, the championship was revived, until again ending in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A straight pool event has been played at the <a href="European_Pool_Championships" title="European Pool Championships">European Pool Championships</a> annually since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="U.S._Open_Straight_Pool_Championship" title="U.S. Open Straight Pool Championship">U.S. Open Straight Pool Championship</a> was sanctioned by the <a href="Billiard_Congress_of_America" title="Billiard Congress of America">Billiard Congress of America</a> (BCA) from 1966 to 2000;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was revived by <a href="CueSports_International" class="mw-redirect" title="CueSports International">CueSports International</a> (CSI) for one year in 2007 and afterwards was held annually from 2016, until again ending in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The game has been in decline since the 1980s; players in the United States have often called straight pool "dead".<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_2005-08_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer_2005-08-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popularity of the game has been reduced due to the popularity of other pool games such as <a href="Nine-ball" title="Nine-ball">nine-ball</a> and <a href="Eight-ball" title="Eight-ball">eight-ball</a>, and a lack of straight pool competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyer_2005-08_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyer_2005-08-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>
<p>Straight pool has been featured in popular culture, most notably in the 1959 novel <i><a href="The_Hustler_(novel)" title="The Hustler (novel)">The Hustler</a></i> and its <a href="The_Hustler" title="The Hustler">1961 film adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also provides the setting and background for <a href="John_O'Hara" title="John O'Hara">John O'Hara</a>'s monologue short story "Straight Pool".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Straight pool, in common with other pool games, has been associated with <a href="Hustling" title="Hustling">hustling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fels_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fels-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="The_Twilight_Zone" title="The Twilight Zone">The Twilight Zone</a></i> produced an episode titled "<a href="A_Game_of_Pool_(The_Twilight_Zone%2C_1959)" title="A Game of Pool (The Twilight Zone, 1959)">A Game of Pool</a>" in 1961, and <a href="A_Game_of_Pool_(The_Twilight_Zone%2C_1985)" title="A Game of Pool (The Twilight Zone, 1985)">remade it in 1989</a>, with a straight-pool player being revived from the afterlife to compete in one last match.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In episode 17 of the seventh season of <i><a href="Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>, "The Doll", <a href="Cosmo_Kramer" title="Cosmo Kramer">Cosmo Kramer</a>, <a href="Frank_Costanza" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Costanza">Frank Costanza</a>, and Bob Cobb (aka "The Maestro") play straight pool for several hours in Frank's way-too-small pool room. Frank originally suggests he and Kramer play eight ball, but Kramer overrides the suggestion, requesting straight pool.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The break shot in straight pool is similar in manner to the break shot (British: <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#break-off" title="Glossary of cue sports terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of cue sports terms § break-off" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">break-off</span></a></dfn>) in <a href="Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>, as the player also tries to leave a safety even though the game of snooker does not have a call-pocket rule.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}
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<li id="cite_note-WPA_rules-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPA_rules_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPA_rules_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPA_rules_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpa-pool.com/index.asp?content=rules_141">"Official rules"</a>. <i>WPA-Pool.com</i>. <a href="World_Pool-Billiard_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Pool-Billiard Association">World Pool-Billiard Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610151901/http://www.wpa-pool.com/index.asp?content=rules_141">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dyer_2005-08-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_2005-08_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_2005-08_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDyer2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Dyer, R. A. (August 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012043430/http://www.billiardsdigest.com/current_issue/aug_05/index.php">"What Killed Straight Pool?"</a>. <i>Billiards Digest</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billiardsdigest.com/current_issue/aug_05/index.php">the original</a> on October 12, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRossen1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_Rossen" title="Robert Rossen">Rossen, Robert</a> (1972). <i>Three Screenplays: All the Kings Men, The Hustler, and Lilith</i>. New York: <a href="Anchor_Doubleday" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Doubleday">Anchor Doubleday</a>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/70-175418">70-175418</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/h/hustler.html">"Review: <i>Hustler, The</i>"</a>. <i>Preview.ReelViews.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205203635/https://preview.reelviews.net/movies/h/hustler.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_O'Hara" title="John O'Hara">O'Hara, John</a> (1995). "Straight Pool". In Moffett, James; McElheny, Kenneth (eds.). <i>Points of View: An Anthology of Stories</i> (Revised ed.). New York: <a href="New_American_Library" title="New American Library">Mentor</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>35.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeVoe2008" class="citation book cs1">DeVoe, Bill (2008). <i>Trivia from The Twilight Zone</i>. Albany, Georgia, US: Bear Manor Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59393-136-0</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrams2008" class="citation book cs1">Grams, Martin (2008). <i>The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic</i>. Churchville, Maryland: OTR Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9703310-9-0</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAlciatore2017" class="citation book cs1">Alciatore, David G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aF21EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Illustrated Principles of Pool and Billiards</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span>. <a href="Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Union Square & Company</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781454927914</bdi>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFAlciatore2017" class="citation book cs1">Alciatore, David G. (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLpsCQAAQBAJ&q=pool+billiards"><i>The Sport of Pool Billiards 1: Techniques and Training Based on PAT Part 1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span>. Union Square & Company. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781454927914</bdi>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFByrne1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_Byrne_(author)" title="Robert Byrne (author)">Byrne, Robert</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dG5INsTkJAsC&q=pool+billiards"><i>Byrne's New Standard Book of Pool and Billiards</i></a> (Paperback). <a href="Harcourt_Brace_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace & Company">Harcourt Brace & Company</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780156005548</bdi>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFEckert2015" class="citation book cs1">Eckert, Ralph (May 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLpsCQAAQBAJ"><i>The Sport of Pool Billiards 1: Techniques and Training Based on PAT Part 1</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span>. <a href="Litho" class="mw-redirect" title="Litho">Litho</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783941484986</bdi>.</cite></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLeider2010" class="citation book cs1">Leider, Nicholas (February 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-mt6DVhbHkC&q=pool+billiards"><i>Pool and Billiards For Dummies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span>. <a href="For_Dummies" title="For Dummies">For Dummies</a>. <a href="Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780470633946</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="World_Pool-Billiard_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="World Pool-Billiard Association">WPA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610151901/http://www.wpa-pool.com/index.asp?content=rules_141">world-standardized rules for straight pool</a></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Cue_sports467" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">Cue sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pool_(cue_sports)" title="Pool (cue sports)">Pool</a> games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Eight-ball" title="Eight-ball">Eight-ball</a></i>
<ul><li><i><a href="Eight-ball_pool_(British_variation)" title="Eight-ball pool (British variation)">British eight-ball</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="Nine-ball" title="Nine-ball">Nine-ball</a></i></li>
<li><i></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Ten-ball" title="Ten-ball">Ten-ball</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Trick_shot" title="Trick shot"><i>Artistic pool</i> and trick shots</a></li>
<li><a href="Bank_pool" title="Bank pool">Bank pool</a></li>
<li><a href="Baseball_pocket_billiards" title="Baseball pocket billiards">Baseball</a></li>
<li><a href="Bottle_pool" title="Bottle pool">Bottle pool</a></li>
<li><a href="Bowlliards" title="Bowlliards">Bowlliards</a></li>
<li><a href="Chicago_(pool)" title="Chicago (pool)">Chicago</a></li>
<li><a href="Cowboy_pool" title="Cowboy pool">Cowboy pool</a></li>
<li><a href="Cribbage_(pool)" title="Cribbage (pool)">Cribbage</a></li>
<li><a href="Cutthroat_(pool)" title="Cutthroat (pool)">Cutthroat</a></li>
<li><a href="Fifteen-ball_pool" title="Fifteen-ball pool">Fifteen-ball</a></li>
<li><a href="Golf_(billiards)" title="Golf (billiards)">Golf</a></li>
<li><a href="Honolulu_(pool)" title="Honolulu (pool)">Honolulu</a></li>
<li><a href="Kelly_pool" title="Kelly pool">Kelly pool</a></li>
<li><a href="Killer_(pool)" title="Killer (pool)">Killer</a></li>
<li><a href="One-pocket" title="One-pocket">One-pocket</a></li>
<li><a href="Pyramid_pool" title="Pyramid pool">Pyramid pool</a></li>
<li><a href="Rotation_(pool)" title="Rotation (pool)">Rotation</a></li>
<li><a href="Seven-ball" title="Seven-ball">Seven-ball</a></li>
<li><a href="Speed_pool" title="Speed pool">Speed pool</a></li>
<li><a href="Three-ball" title="Three-ball">Three-ball</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Cuesports" title="Cuesports"></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Carom_billiards" title="Carom billiards">Carom billiards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Three-cushion_billiards" title="Three-cushion billiards">Three-cushion</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="One-cushion_billiards" title="One-cushion billiards">One-cushion</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Balkline" title="Balkline">Balkline</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Straight_rail" title="Straight rail">Straight rail</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Five-pin_billiards" title="Five-pin billiards">Five-pins</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Artistic_billiards" title="Artistic billiards">Artistic billiards</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Four-ball_billiards" title="Four-ball billiards">Four-ball</a></li>
<li><a href="Goriziana" title="Goriziana">Goriziana</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snooker</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Snooker" title="Snooker">Snooker</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Six-red_snooker" title="Six-red snooker">Six-red snooker</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Snooker_plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Snooker plus">Snooker plus</a></li>
<li><a href="American_snooker" title="American snooker">American snooker</a></li>
<li><a href="Sinuca_brasileira" title="Sinuca brasileira">Brazilian snooker</a></li>
<li><a href="Snooker_Shoot_Out" title="Snooker Shoot Out">Shoot Out</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cue_sports#List_of_cue_sports" title="Cue sports">Other games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="English_billiards" title="English billiards">English billiards</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Russian_pyramid" title="Russian pyramid">Russian pyramid</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Kaisa_(cue_sport)" title="Kaisa (cue sport)">Kaisa</a></li>
<li><a href="Danish_pin_billiards" title="Danish pin billiards">Danish pin billiards</a></li>
<li><a href="Bumper_pool" title="Bumper pool">Bumper pool</a></li>
<li><a href="Bagatelle" title="Bagatelle">Bagatelle</a></li>
<li><a href="Boccette" title="Boccette">Boccette</a></li>
<li><a href="Bar_billiards" title="Bar billiards">Bar billiards</a></li>
<li><a href="Novuss" title="Novuss">Novuss</a></li>
<li><a href="Ground_billiards" title="Ground billiards">Ground billiards</a></li>
<li><a href="Slosh_(cue_sport)" title="Slosh (cue sport)">Slosh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms" title="Glossary of cue sports terms">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="Cue_sports_techniques" title="Cue sports techniques">Techniques</a></li>
<li><a href="Billiard_table" title="Billiard table">Billiard table</a></li>
<li><a href="Billiard_ball" title="Billiard ball">Billiard ball</a></li>
<li><a href="Billiard_hall" title="Billiard hall">Billiard hall</a></li>
<li><a href="Cue_stick" title="Cue stick">Cue stick</a></li>
<li><a href="Rack_(billiards)" title="Rack (billiards)">Rack</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_cue_sports" title="Comparison of cue sports">Comparison of cue sports</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br>international<br>tournaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Artistic_Billiards_World_Championship" title="Artistic Billiards World Championship">Artistic Billiards World Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="UMB_World_Three-cushion_Championship" title="UMB World Three-cushion Championship">UMB World Three-cushion Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Snooker_Championship" title="World Snooker Championship">World Snooker Championship</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_World_Snooker_Championship_winners" title="List of World Snooker Championship winners">champions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Six-red_World_Championship" title="Six-red World Championship">Six-red World Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Women's_Snooker_Championship" title="World Women's Snooker Championship">World Women's Snooker Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="WPA_World_Nine-ball_Championship" title="WPA World Nine-ball Championship">WPA World Nine-ball Championship</a>
<ul><li><a href="WPA_Women's_World_Nine-ball_Championship" title="WPA Women's World Nine-ball Championship">Women's</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_WPA_World_Nine-ball_champions" title="List of WPA World Nine-ball champions">champions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="WPA_World_Ten-ball_Championship" title="WPA World Ten-ball Championship">WPA World Ten-ball Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Straight_Pool_Championship" title="World Straight Pool Championship">World Straight Pool Championship</a></li>
<li><a href="WPA_World_Eight-ball_Championship" title="WPA World Eight-ball Championship">WPA World Eight-ball Championship</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_world_eight-ball_champions" title="List of world eight-ball champions">champions</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="World_Cup_of_Pool" title="World Cup of Pool">World Cup of Pool</a></li>
<li><a href="Mosconi_Cup" title="Mosconi Cup">Mosconi Cup</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Pool_Masters" title="World Pool Masters">World Pool Masters</a></li>
<li><a href="Cue_sports_at_the_World_Games" title="Cue sports at the World Games">Cue sports at the World Games</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Euro_Tour" title="Euro Tour">Euro Tour</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_Euro_Tour_tournaments" title="List of Euro Tour tournaments">events</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="European_Pool_Championships" title="European Pool Championships">European Pool Championships</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_U.S._Open_pool_championships" title="List of U.S. Open pool championships">U.S. Open</a>
<ul><li><a href="U.S._Open_Straight_Pool_Championship" title="U.S. Open Straight Pool Championship">Straight Pool</a></li>
<li><a href="U.S._Open_8-Ball_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Open 8-Ball Championships">8-Ball</a></li>
<li><a href="U.S._Open_9-Ball_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Open 9-Ball Championships">9-Ball</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="World_Confederation_of_Billiards_Sports" title="World Confederation of Billiards Sports">World Confederation of Billiards Sports</a>
<ul><li><a href="Union_Mondiale_de_Billard" title="Union Mondiale de Billard">Union Mondiale de Billard</a></li>
<li><a href="World_Pool_Association" title="World Pool Association">World Pool Association</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Billiards_and_Snooker_Federation" title="International Billiards and Snooker Federation">International Billiards and Snooker Federation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association" title="World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association">World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li>Cue sports</li>
<li>Players</li>
<li>Organizations</li>
<li>Competitions</li></ul>
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The rules of games in <i>italics</i> are standardized by international sanctioning bodies.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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